Do Human Stem Cells Produce Bacteria?

Do Human Cells Make Bacteria? Recent Discoveries Some human infections are caused by microbes produced by human cells HIGHLIGHTS • Human stem cells differentiate to epithelial and cancer cells and have the properties to produce microbes. • Breast tissue ,breast milk, amniotic fluid, meconium, placenta, umbilical cord blood harbor bacteria that are not contaminants from the environment. • Some gut bacteria are heritable and human genetics shape gut bacteria. • Malassezia furfur yeasts- which belong to normal human skin flora are heritable. Where do bacteria and viruses come from? Science says modern humans emerged in East Africa 56,000 years ago, long after bacteria were born from lifeless Earth 3.6 billion years earlier (1). How about viruses; when did they emerge? It is reasonable to speculate that viruses were born long after bacteria for they are things that may be viewed as dead or alive depending on their environment. This is because viruses require a cell of a multi -cellular organism to reproduce (2). Virion Is a lifeless protein particle that can reproduce inside a human or animal cell. When a virion is absorbed by a human or animal cell it is now transformed to a living virus that can reproduce. The emphasis here is the absorption or assimilation of a lifeless protein particle into a cell. Here comes an interesting observation about viruses and bacteria: human body and cells seem to be capable to produce pathogens that infect other humans and trigger epidemics around the world for we have also discovered that human stem cells are capable to produce bacteria and are responsible for major endogenous infections as diverse as burn wound infections , nosocomial and opportunistic infections (3-8). How did this novel finding come about? The first clue of human stem cells being an infinite source of microbes came from the observation that some gut bacteria were heritable (9,10,11) suggesting a genetic link between human cells and bacteria. Also, of significance was the discovery that the fetus which had been presumed to be sterile harbored bacteria and as importantly these endogenous microbes were not contaminants from the environment (12,13,14,15). The dual discoveries- none sterile fetus and heritable bacteria -prompted a question: which human cells are the most likely candidates to produce bacteria ? Interestingly, we for some time had known that human stem cells could differentiate to epithelial and cancer cells (16,17).Thus , it can be inferred that stem cells may be the creator of endogenous microbes and infections. Here is a synopsis of all of the above: Long after the Big Bang , the first bacteria were born to evolve to plants ,fish, mammals and to modern humans whose stem cells began manufacturing microbes. Nowadays, not only microbes reproduce but humans too generate microbes but because paradigm shifts in science are always slow we continue to blame foreign pathogens for making us sick. References: 1. Cavalier-Smith T., Cell evolution and Earth history :Stasis and revolution. Philosophical transactions Royal Society in London biological sciences. 2006 June 29;; three six one(1470) 969 – 1006. 2. Breitbatr M ,Rohwer F . "Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus?".(2005) Trends in Microbiology. 13 (6): 278–84 3. Salerian AJ, Human body may produce bacteria,Medical Hypotheses, Volume 103, June 2017, Pages 131-132. 4. Salerian, Alen, Gastric Ulcers May Result From Transformation of Human Tissue to H. pylori: Mathematical Evidence (January 8, 2018). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3225494 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3225494 5. Salerian AJ, Burn wound infections and Pseudomonasaeruginosa,Burns;46(1):257-258,2020 02 6. Salerian AJ,What is the origin of human bacterial flora? Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 2020, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1-5 . 7. Salerian AJ., Was Pasteur Wrong? Human Cells may Generate Bacteria. Biomed J Sci &Tech Res 4(5)- 2018. BJSTR.
 8. Salerian AJ.,Infections Independent of Contamination: From Organic Matter, Evolution or Stem Cells, APPLIED CELL BIOLOGY,November 2021 9. Khatchataryan Z.A., Ktsoyan Z.A.,Manukyan G.P.,Kelly D.,Ghazaryan K.A.,Aminov R.I.,predominant role of host genetics in controlling the composition of gut .microbiota.PLoS One 2008;3:e3064. 10. Waters, J.L., Ley, R.E. (2019). The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health. BMC Biol 17, 83 . 11. Goodrich,JK, Waters JL, Poole AC , Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome, Cell(2014),Volume 159, Issue 4,Pages 789-799. 12. Martin R, Langa S, Reviriego C et al., Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. The Journal of Pediatrics.(2003) Volume 143, issue 6, Pages 754-758. 13. Urbaniaak,C. Cummins J, Brackstone M , Macklaim J M , Gloor G B, Baban C K , Scott K ,et al. 2014. Microbiota in human breast tissue. Appl.Environ. Microbiology 80, 3007 – 3014. 14. Jiménez, E., Fernández, L., Marín, M.L. et al. Isolation of Commensal Bacteria from Umbilical Cord Blood of Healthy Neonates Born by Cesarean Section. Curr Microbiol 51, 270–274 (2005). 15. Stout MJ,, Conlon B, Landeau M, Lee I, Bower C, Zhao Q, Roehl KA, Nelson DM,. Macones GA, I Mysorekar IU,(2008) .Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations,American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Volume 208, Issue 3, 16. Van der Flier LG,Clevers H,,Stemcells,Self Renewal,and Differentiation in the intestinal Epithelium, Annual Review of Physiology(2009) 71:1,24-260. 17. Reya, T., Morrison, S., Clarke, M. et al. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414, 105–111 (2001).